Map stronghold crusader8/25/2023 ![]() ![]() Buoyed by a resurgence in pilgrimage across Europe, the Catholic Church wanted to expand. ![]() By the late 11th century, Europe was enjoying a period of economic strength, and the papacy had asserted its power following a series of important reforms. Islam had spread far and wide to formerly Christian lands in the Near East and North Africa in the seventh century, and to the Iberian Peninsula in the eighth. Official papal crusades began in the 11th century.
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